Comprehensive Enzyme Assays
The importance of Comprehensive Enzyme Assays lies in their ability to provide detailed insights into enzymatic activity within biological systems. LeadQuest Biotech is here to help. These assays allow researchers to quantitatively measure enzyme kinetics, substrate specificity, inhibition, and other critical parameters. By understanding enzyme behavior comprehensively, scientists can elucidate biochemical pathways, investigate disease mechanisms, develop therapeutic interventions, and optimize industrial processes.
Poly ADP Ribose Polymerase (PARPs) Family
ADP ribosylation (ADPr) is a reversible, evolutionarily conserved post-transcriptional modification process of proteins. It participates in the regulation of various biological processes in the body and plays an important role in maintaining gene stability and cell apoptosis. ADPr is mainly catalyzed by the ADP-ribosyltransferase (ART) protein superfamily, and the most studied ADP-ribosyltransferase protein family is the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase family (PARPs). Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is a family of proteins that transfer ADP-ribose units from NAD+ to target nuclear proteins to form long, branched poly-ADP-glycan chains. Currently, 17 PARP family proteins have been discovered in mammals, named PARP1-17. PARP inhibitors are a type of cancer therapy targeting Poly ADP-ribose Polymerase. They are anti-cancer drugs that successfully utilize the concept of synthetic lethality and are approved for clinical use. For this reason, the research and development of PARP inhibitors has become a hot spot in the field of anti-cancer. Our company uses damaged DNA to activate PARPs enzymes to poly(ADP-ribosylated) nuclear proteins through NAD+, thereby separating histones from DNA. A detection system is established by labeling the substrate with biotin and detecting the activity of PARPs.
Histone Deacetylase Family (HDACs)
Histone deacetylase (HDACS) catalyzes the deacetylation of histones, maintains the balance between histone acetylation and deacetylation, and is closely related to many processes such as cancer-related gene transcription and expression, cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Our company provides customers with screening services for enzymatic compounds related to the HDACs series.
PDE Family
Phosphodiesterase PDE (Phosphodiesterase) can hydrolyze intracellular second messengers (cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate or cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate). cAMP and cGMP serve as second messengers for neurotransmitters, hormones, light, odors and other substances. , widely acting on intracellular target organs, PDEs is a large multi-gene family, which has become a new research hotspot as a new therapeutic target. Our company provides customers with screening services for enzymatic compounds related to the PDE series.
Phosphatase
Phosphatases (PPs) are enzymes present in the body that dephosphorylate proteins or substrates. Protein phosphatases are broadly divided into three categories based on the specific amino acid species they dephosphorylate: protein serine/threonine phosphatases and protein tyrosine phosphatases, also including dual-specificity phosphatases.
Phosphatases play a vital role in cell function regulation and signal transduction, participating in the regulation of cell metabolism, gene transcription, cell cycle and apoptosis, cytoskeleton rearrangement and cell movement, as well as protein interactions and protein stability, etc. . Based on the multiple functions of phosphatase, protein phosphatase has become an important direction in the development of disease treatment drugs, such as the treatment of cancer, inflammation, infection, diabetes, autoimmune diseases and other diseases.
In the construction of the phosphatase platform, DiFMUP is used as the substrate. Under the action of phosphatase, the phosphate group is hydrolyzed to release the fluorescent group, and the fluorescence value is detected at 360/460.
Epigenetics
Epigenetics refers to heritable changes in gene expression without changes in DNA sequence. This change can be stably inherited to offspring during the development and cell proliferation of the organism. Its main molecular mechanisms include: DNA methylation, non-coding RNA regulation, histone modification, chromatin remodeling, etc. With the in-depth study of epigenetics, diseases related to it can be understood and even overcome, which has greatly promoted the process of disease research and drug development.
Epigenetic targets are a promising class of drug targets that have emerged in the past decade. These targets are not only relevant to oncology research, but also have potential impacts on metabolism, nerves, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease research. Aisiyipu focuses on new drug targets and assists in the discovery of new drugs. Currently, a drug screening system for multiple targets has been constructed.
Synthetic Lethality
Synthetic lethality can generally be divided into two categories: unconditional synthetic lethality and conditional synthetic lethality. Unconditional synthetic lethality refers to the simultaneous abnormal expression of two or more non-lethal genes, including mutation, overexpression or gene suppression, leading to cell death; while the abnormality of only one gene does not affect cell viability. Conditional synthetic lethality means that tumor cells with simultaneous mutations/overexpression of genes A and B can still survive, but under certain internal conditions (such as genetic background, hypoxia, high reactive oxygen species, etc.) or external conditions (such as DNA damaging agents and radiation, etc.), leading to cell death.
There are a large number of genetic mutations in cancer cells. If it is found that a specific gene A is inactivated in a tumor cell, then drugs can be used to inhibit its synthetic lethal partner gene B, so that both are inactivated. Healthy body cells have normal genes. Gene A can ensure the expression of normal physiological functions and will not be harmed by drugs, thereby specifically killing only this type of tumor cells. Nowadays, the “synthetic lethality” theory has made breakthrough progress in clinical practice and has become an important means of targeted treatment of cancer.
Protease
Protease is a type of enzyme that performs proteolytic functions. It digests or cleaves proteins into smaller peptides or amino acids by hydrolyzing the peptide bonds connecting amino acids. It is a key enzyme that catalyzes proteolytic reactions in the body. Most proteases have evolved to carry out these reactions through many different mechanisms and are found in animals, plants, bacteria, archaea, and viruses. Proteases are involved in many important processes such as protein processing, protein function regulation, cell apoptosis, viral pathogenesis, and digestion.
Proteases mainly include serine/threonine, cysteine, aspartate, and metalloprotease families. Increasing studies have proven that proteases have become attractive targets not only for drug development, but also for industrial applications and biomedical research. Especially an indispensable tool for proteomics.